Artificial Intelligence: Foundations and Algorithms

This chapter provides a clear overview of artificial intelligence (AI), covering its core concepts and history. It explores key areas including machine learning, natural language processing, computer vision, and robotics, while also examining ethical issues such as algorithmic fairness, explainable AI, and societal impact. This chapter aims to equip readers with a solid understanding of AI while highlighting current research challenges. The discussion traces the transition from rule-based systems to data-driven learning, the architectures enabling recent breakthroughs, and the standards necessary for responsible AI development.